Macroeconomic overview

Europe entered 2026 with positive momentum, having proved resilient through uncertainty and trade policy shocks in 2025.

However, the outlook has weakened again as conflict in the Middle East has disrupted key shipping routes, including the Strait of Hormuz, pushing up oil and gas prices leading to energy market volatility.

Higher energy costs are expected to reduce growth and lift inflation across Europe. The scale of the impact will depend on how long the conflict lasts, how far it spreads, and how sustained the price shocks become. Even so, domestic demand remains an important stabiliser. Private consumption, public sector investment, employment and wage growth should help keep growth positive, although moderate.

Trade policy remains another risk. While several economies benefited from early export activity linked to tariff changes, these effects are temporary. At the same time, several EU-level initiatives are expected to support investment and reform in 2026. The ‘Recovery and Resilience Facility’ is nearing completion, with remaining funds expected to lift investment activity. The ‘Competitiveness Compass’, the EU’s flagship framework for structural reform, is also progressing. Planned measures on innovation, digital networks, quantum technologies and AI factories should help strengthen productivity, improve access to advanced computing infrastructure, and support Europe’s global competitiveness.¹

European GDP growth and inflation by country

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Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Israel Italy Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden UK

Real GDP (annual % growth)

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Inflation rate, average consumer prices

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Sources

1. Deloitte. Eurozone economic outlook. Deloitte Insights, 2026.


Disclaimer

This macroeconomic chapter is based primarily on the estimates and projections published in the April 2026 World Economic Outlook. These projections reflect statistical information available to the International Monetary Fund up to 1 April 2026 and may not capture the latest published data in all cases. The IMF assumes that the conflict will remain limited in duration, intensity and geographic scope, with related disruptions easing by mid-2026. If the conflict persists, escalates or causes more severe disruption to energy markets, trade routes or financial conditions, the growth and inflation outlook could differ materially from the projections presented in this chapter. The forecasts should be read in the context of the assumptions used in the reference scenario. The analysis also draws on the latest available reports from national central banks and other official institutions, accessed up to the end of April 2026.

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